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Virtual reality-based simulation of endoscopic surgery. Presence. vol.9, no.3; June 2000; p.310-33 Abstract
Virtual reality (VR)-based surgical simulator systems offer a very elegant approach to enriching and enhancing traditional training in endoscopic surgery. However, while a number of VR simulator systems have been proposed and realized in the past few years, most of these systems are far from being able to provide a reasonably realistic surgical environment. We explore the current limits for realism and the approaches to reaching and surpassing those limits by describing and analyzing the most important components of VR-based endoscopic simulators. The feasibility of the proposed techniques is demonstrated on a modular prototype system that implements the basic algorithms for VR training in gynaecological laparoscopy.
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Szekely,
G; Brechbuhler, C; Dual, J; Enzler, R; Hug, J; Hutter, R; Ironmonger, N; Kauer,
M; Meier, V; Niederer, P; Rhomberg, A; Schmid, P; Schweitzer, G; Thaler, M;
Vuskovic, V; Troster, G; Haller, U; Bajka, M: